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Apex beat is the palpable cardiac impulse. It is also defined as the lowermost and outermost (most lateral and most inferior) prominent cardiac pulsation. Examination of this cardiac impulse can give valuable inputs into the diagnosis of cardiac disease. Correct interpretation of the apex beat requires proper understanding of the cardiac anatomy and the cardiac cycle physiology.

Synonyms: Apex impulse; Point of Maximal Impulse (PMI)
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a non-specific test for inflammation. It is easy to perform, widely available and inexpensive making it a widely used screening test. It is also used a monitoring tool for response to treatment in conditions in which it is raised (tuberculosis, autoimmune diseases etc).
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Advances in medical science and improved social conditions during the past few decades have increased the life span of humans. This ageing of the population is also a product of demographic transition owing to a reduction in fertility and mortality.

This phenomenon of population ageing is universal. Almost 10% of the population in developed countries and 5 to 8% in the developing countries are over the age of 60 years. ...

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